The Indonesian military has allegedly launched airstrikes across West Papua with aerial drones, reportedly killing an Indigenous woman from the occupied territory while injuring several others over the past week.
Human Rights Monitor, an international advocacy group, have supported the claims of the West Papua National Liberation Army and the United Liberation Movement for West Papua over the attacks striking two districts in the Intan Jaya Regency inside the Central Papua province.
"The incident raises serious concerns under international humanitarian law, particularly of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution, which requires all parties to an armed conflict to distinguish, at all times, between civilians and military objectives and to take all feasible precautions to minimise civilian harm," Human Right Monitor said in a statement.
"The reported use of explosive weapons in the vicinity of civilian settlements and gardens may violate the right to life protected under Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights."
Indonesian authorities have not addressed the recent claims amid a pattern of denial, limited acknowledgement of civilian harm and, in some cases, operational justification.
None of the latest attacks on civilians stretching back over four dates to June 18 had been preceded by an armed clash involving Indonesian security forces on the ground and the West Papua National Liberation Army.
The strikes reportedly damaged civilian property, which included one attack in the early hours of Monday morning, causing residents to flee their homes in the dark.
Both telephone and internet networks were allegedly cut during a calculated military operation to disrupt communications, the West Papua National Liberation Army also claimed.
"Indonesian military dropped grenade bombs using camera drones," WPNLA spokesperson Sebby Sambom said on Monday.
Makelon Majau was the most recent victim on Wednesday, sustaining shrapnel injuries from the strikes near his home where Mr Majau's dog was reportedly killed from the explosion.
The most serious of the attacks occurred when two Papuan women were critically injured from the first of the drone strikes last week.
Otovina Hogajau died days later from her wounds while Aliana Pogau is reportedly still recovering.
The village women were returning from collecting sweet potatoes in their gardens when drones dropped a bomb on them.
The United Liberation Movement for West Papua have accused Indonesia of repeatedly using drones to kill innocent West Papuan men, women and children in the latest form of warfare to quell the territory's push for independence.
It was estimated that around 3000 West Papuans were forced from their villages in the recent attacks, according to the Free West Papua campaign group, adding to around 122,000 reported civilians that Indonesian military operations have been displaced in recent years.
Only days after the initial attack last week, a second bombardment was carried out by a drone flying near the epicentre of the Wabu Block gold mine in what the United Liberation Movement for West Papua have alleged is a tactical battle for Indigenous Papuans against curtailing the Indonesian mega-mining project developing on their ancestral land.
Bomb attacks from unmanned drones have also become a key strategy for the Indonesian army in recent years to fight against West Papua's push for recognition of its sovereignty.
Drones were used in multiple previous attacks on a separate village in May that killed two young men near the headquarters of the National Committee for West Papua, while another strike also occurred in the Kembru refugee camp similarly back in February.
"Indonesia is using drones to massacre defenceless women and children, many of whom do not understand the technology being used to kill them," Benny Wenda, the chairman for the United Liberation Movement for West Papua, said in a statement on Thursday.
"We are David versus Goliath, victims of the most unequal war in the world.
"Where is Pacific leadership, as Indonesia murders your West Papuan kin?"
Mr Wenda, who has been exiled to London for several years, first urged support from two British Labour MPs last year where Alex Sobel and Anneliese Dodds addressed the ongoing issues of drone warfare and Papuan ecocide from the Indonesians with powerful statements in the UK parliament.
"The United Liberation Movement for West Papua encourages all parliamentarians from around the world to raise this issue," he said.
"The people of West Papua are voiceless: we need our friends to speak for us."
Indigenous MP Lidia Thorpe raised the issue of West Papua in the Federal senate in November last year, condemning the alleged massacres from Indonesian military forces and calling on the Australian government to place pressure on Jakarta to finally permit the United Nations Human Rights commissioner access to visiting the occupied territory.