Aboriginal Elders and allies will again gather in Canberra on Saturday to commemorate those who lost their lives in the Frontier Wars, despite not being permitted to march alongside veterans honoured in the official Anzac Day commemorations.
For the 16th year, supporters will assemble at the foot of the parade route leading to the Australian War Memorial in a silent march recognising First Nations people killed defending their Country during colonisation.
The march's organiser, Ghillar Michael Anderson, said the violence of colonisation helped pave the way for the "ongoing subjugation of peoples in Australia".
The convenor of Sovereign Union of First Nations and Peoples in Australia said many fought to protect their lands and waters, with "tens of thousands" losing their lives "in wars to defend Country across this continent".
"The British Crown rewarded those responsible for these criminal mass killings by granting them title to the lands of those they had murdered," he said.
"Australia's origin stories include colonial authorities bestowing benefits on colonists who had committed appalling crimes against humanity."
In 2024, Mr Anderson told National Indigenous Times supporters of the Frontier Wars movement would continue marching to raise awareness of a history he said had been ignored for too long.
"There are many instances around country where a private citizen killed Aboriginal people, murdered them and so it all amounts to murder," he said. "There has always been this war on, and ours has been a war of resistance. Resisting the colonisers and those citizens from coming in and taking over their lands."
Some historians estimate the Frontier Wars claimed more Indigenous lives than the number of Australian soldiers killed in the First World War, yet there is no formal national day recognising those deaths.
The scale of the violence also remains only partially documented due to poor record keeping and, in some cases, deliberate efforts to conceal the truth.
Historians Raymond Evans and Robert Ørsted-Jensen estimate up to 65,000 Indigenous people were killed in Queensland alone between the 1820s and early 1900s.
Separately, a four-year project led by Lyndall Ryan at the University of Newcastle mapped 150 massacre sites across Australia and estimated death tolls at each.
Calls have grown for Australia's frontier conflicts to receive formal recognition as part of the nation's military history.
While former politician Kim Beazley has previously supported acknowledging Aboriginal resistance fighters within the memorial, the Returned and Services League of Australia has historically opposed including the Frontier Wars in Anzac Day commemorations.
Professor Anderson said he welcomed the Australian War Memorial Council's commitment to recognising the Frontier Wars and had formally invited Mr Beazley, council members and AWM director Matt Anderson to join Saturday's March to Remember the Frontier Wars.
"Them joining us would be an act of reconciliation and a sign of respect for First Nations Peoples whose relatives and ancestors fell on their own land in defence of Country," he said.
Participants in the Frontier Wars March will gather at 9.30 am at the corner of Anzac Parade and Constitution Ave, Parkes. The March will proceed along Anzac Parade following on after the RSL ACT Branch Anzac Day Veterans' March. Participants are encouraged to bring a banner or flowers.
For more information about the Frontier Wars Remembrance March is available online.